Urban air pollution in China: destination image and risk perceptions

Inbound tourist arrivals into China have been declining in recent years, possibly in response to increasing levels of urban air pollution. To examine Westerners’ contemporary views on China as a travel destination, with a particular focus on air pollution, this research surveyed 600 US and Australian residents. An online panel survey collected data on cognitive and affective destination image, cognitive and affective risk perceptions, intention to visit China and key demographic variables. The findings show that, while China's cognitive image attributes were perceived positively, potential travellers expressed negative views about travel risks in China in general and about air quality in particular. Importantly, feelings towards the risk of air quality had a significant negative impact on destination image as well as intention to visit China. The research contributes to theory by highlighting the importance of considering affective risk perceptions in destination image studies. While some market segments seemed less sensitive to air pollution than others, this paper concludes that unless China proactively addresses the problem of air pollution, for example by seeking to stimulate positive feelings, international arrivals may continue to be compromised.     

河南省农业面源污染成因分析

近年来,农业面源污染给我国农村生态环境造成了一定的破坏,挖掘农业面源污染的成因及问题对今后农业面源污染的治理具有重要意义。文章以河南省为探讨对象,首先阐述了农业面源污染含义及主要特点。利用文献分析和统计方法对河南省农业化学品投入使用及污染情况进行分析,2007~2014年河南省化肥及农药产量和使用量均呈上涨趋势,污染面积及范围进一步扩大,面源污染的主要来源是化肥、农药、秸秆及生活垃圾。而人口快速增长、经济利益驱使、政策方面不健全是造成农业面源污染主要原因。该文认为,解决农业面源污染应从推广减量技术,积极发展有机(生态)农业;提高思想认识,树立科学农业发展理念;大力推广精准农业,减轻面源污染程度;建立健全环境法规,完善政策及管理体系等4个方面入手,以期为其他地区农业面源污染治理提供借鉴和参考。     

Analysis of LPG,electric and induction cookers during cooking typical Ecuadorian dishes into the national efficient cooking program

This research aims to analyze cooking parameters in liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), electric resistance and induction stoves for eight dishes of the Ecuadorian cuisine. During tests, it has been monitored the temperature, time, electrical grid parameters, concentrations of CO and CO₂. In addition it has been studied the microbiological and physiochemical changes produced by the thermal treatment in food and a discriminative triangular test for determining the differences in the consumers perception between samples made with induction and LPG based stoves. The results showed which even with an exhaust hood working, there was still a significant value of concentration of CO and CO₂ during cooking with a LPG stoves. As a result of these analyses the induction stove shows a better response during the heating process and energy efficiency which have influence in temperatures, taste, vitamin preservation, cooking times, energy consumption and cost to the user.     

Assessment of land use compatibility and noise pollution at Imam Khomeini International Airport

This study aimed to investigate land use planning around airports, by employing Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), in conjunction with an optimization algorithm using an Integrated Noise Model (INM) software, to establish the potential effects of aircraft noise at Imam Khomeini International Airport (IKIA) in Tehran. We also checked for land use compatibility with the noise levels around IKIA and the residents' reaction to the noise. The research was carried out in three stages: a) the establishment of Strategic Noise Map (SNM) scenarios of the airport operation in the years 2011, 2020 and 2030 using the INM software; b) the assessment of the results with emphasis on the study area land uses and application of RS and GIS and the exposure of residents at different levels of environmental noise; and c) the assessment of the intensity of aircraft noise annoyance at various times of day and night. The results indicated that developing IKIA together with the residential development will increase airport noise. Hence proper management and control of noise at IKIA is essential.     

新疆棉农对农业面源污染防治的态度和支付意愿研究

农业面源污染问题已经成为我国面临的最严重的环境污染问题之一,农户对农业面源污染防治的态度和支付意愿研究,对于政府制定相关政策措施意义重大。分别采用李克特五点量表、条件价值评估法、多元有序Logistic模型回归等方法对(1)棉农对农业面源污染防治的态度,(2)棉农对农业面源污染防治的支付意愿(WTP),(3)影响棉农支付意愿的社会经济因素进行研究。结果表明:新疆棉农对农业面源污染防治的态度非常积极,但是当与自身利益相冲突时,则趋向于以牺牲环境为代价;新疆每户棉农对农业面源污染防治的支付意愿是113.96元/年,49.64%的被调查者选择的支付区间是[12,60)元/年,累计百分比占70.65%;农户的教育水平和是否参加过农业专业合作组织是新疆农户农业面源污染防治支付意愿的主要影响因素。基于此,得出结论并提出相应的对策建议。     

农田污染对粮食生产的影响研究——以四川为例

作为农业生产的根本,农田质量对于粮食生产而言至关重要,因此农田污染的相关防治已经成为我国农业可持续发展、农产品安全以及我国生态环境保护的重要措施。目前我国农田污染主要特征为农田污染物成分复杂,农田污染程度不断扩大。同时由于农田污染导致土壤肥力下降进而导致相关农作物的产量以及品质不断下降。文章以四川省为例,探究农田污染对粮食生产的影响,结果发现,目前四川省农田污染主要来源于农药化肥的不合理使用,水体以及土壤受工业废水污染严重,畜牧业废弃物污染等。农田污染导致可耕种土地面积不断减少,粮食生产受到严重影响。基于此,该文针对四川省农田污染现状提出农田污染综合立体防控策略,并在此基础上通过合理规划农业生产,减少农药化肥使用量,提高生物防治在病虫害防治当中的比例等措施减少农田污染对粮食生产的影响,以期为我国农田保护以及粮食生产提供一定的理论以及政策依据。     

我国软件外包承接城市效率评价与驱动因素研究

就 业问题、环境污染以及从业人员研发能力下降已经成为制约软件外包承接城市发展的瓶颈问 题。文章运用DEA方法构建考虑非期望产出和非合意变量的软件外包承接效率评价模型，重 点比较不同模型下我国软件外包承接城市效率的差异，并引入Tobit回归分析软件外包承接 城市效率的驱动因素。研究发现：我国软件外包承接城市的投入产出组合在逐步优化，且东 部沿海城市的效率值明显优于中西部城市，其中大连市的效率值始终为1，处于生产的前沿 面。另外，人才竞争力对软件外包承接城市效率有显著的正向影响，信息技术基础设施竞争力与承接效率的关系呈显著负相关。     

Indoor air quality in mass catering plants: Occurrence of airborne eumycetes in a university canteen

The present study aimed to investigate the viable eumycetes population of indoor air sampled in a mass catering plant that produces up to 1200 meals per day. The combination of a culture-dependent and -independent approach applied in the food-processing environment was efficient for the identification of airborne eumycetes. Penicillum, Cladosporium and Alternaria were the dominant genera, while Thysanophora, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Annulohypoxylon, Arthrinium, Aureobasidium and Trametes were found to be in minority. The size and composition of the eumycetes population found in this study do not raise specific concerns. Nevertheless, a quantitative and qualitative monitoring of these bioaerosol should be included in the progress and criticality reports of the HACCP system in the catering services where eumycetes can pose different risks, such as worsening of the overall quality of meals and/or of the work environment. Indeed, these reports are a useful tool in the preventive HACCP approach, provided that an adequate frequency of sampling is planned in order to quicken the pre-warning process.     

养老建筑室内建筑环境的构建——以某市社会养老服务中心为例

养老地产在我国是一项新兴产业,作为该类建筑中的一个重要组成部分——供暖、通风与空气调节工程,其设计合理与否,对于居住环境和老年人身体健康的影响至关重要。设计人员为了力求打造一个更为适合老年人居住的建筑环境,结合具体工程,做了较为细致的探讨。文章对工程设计方案,包括采暖、空调方式,室内空气质量的控制,气流组织,工程材料选择,振动噪声控制,共五大方面,逐一作了介绍。     

低碳经济下畜牧业发展问题与对策研究

发展低碳经济对畜牧业健康可持续发展和促进粮食安全具有重要意义。文章利用文献分析和统计数据分析法对低碳经济发展内涵和重要性进行阐述,并分析畜牧业发展对环境和粮食安全的影响。结果显示,传统畜牧业向低碳畜牧业的转型过程中存在农村居民的环保意识薄弱、干部对环保工作重视程度不够、自主研发技术水平低、相关政策法规不健全、监管存在漏洞等瓶颈问题。并从加强政策引导,增强低碳意识;加强营养调控,改进饲料加工工艺;加大科技创新力度,增加对畜牧业资金扶持;加强畜禽污染废弃物的资源化利用;大力发展循环畜牧养殖模式等方面提出促进低碳畜牧业发展的对策建议,以期为我国畜牧业的健康可持续发展奠定理论基础。